Flux européens

Isn’t it just a perfect exam question for a graduate course, nay this question involves so many issues it could arguably serve as one single exam for a whole law degree: such is the intensity of legal areas at issue: constitutional law, international law, international trade, regulatory law and risk analysis, intellectual property law…

Discuss why the Court of Appeal for England and Wales denied Government wrongdoing in plain packaging, while the German Bundesverfassungsgericht rejected an argument of expropriation in Energiewende yet held that German Government must nevertheless pay compensation to the energy companies involved (E.ON, RWE and Vatenfall).

Source tip: you may want to consult my former student Dr Catherine Banet’s excellent analysis on the Vatenfall issue.

Issues tip: a good way to go about it would be to draft a table of issues that both cases have in common and those which they do not (eg the Court of Appeal’s review of intellectual property). A discussion of the precautionary principle would not go amiss (in the plain packaging case: specifically whether precaution applies to uncertainty as to efficiency of remedies rather than uncertainty as to a phenomenon). A point of discussion may also be why the CA refers profusely to European precedent while the Bundesverfassungsgericht does not. Finally, any consideration of the link between the latter proceedings and the concurrent ISDS procedure, will gain you brownie points.

To fellow faculty out there: if you do use this exam Q, please do share good student answer copies.

Geert.

 

I have in the past reported fleetingly about the Trafigura litigation, in which the company is and has been pursued in various jurisdictions for the environmental and public health damage resulting from the dumping in Abidjan, Ivory Coast’s capita, of toxic waste originating from the Probo Koala. I discuss the corporate social responsibility implications of conflict of laws ia here.

The case has led ia to the so-called ‘Leigh Day settlement’ in the United Kingdom (representing 30.000 victims) and to a 2007 ‘Protocole d’Accord’ between Trafigura and Ivory coast.

Current judgment was issued on 30 November and involves Stichting Union des Victimes de Déchets Toxiques D`Abidjan et Banlieues, a foundation set up in accordance with Dutch law, claiming to represent victims not yet represented in the Leigh Day settlement.

The Dutch court first of all swiftly rejects any impact of the choice of court clause included in the 2007 protocol. This discussion could have been quite interesting, however the Court suffices with a reference to the narrow formulation of the clause. It refers to any and all issues arising out of the validity, application and interpretation of the agreement. The agreement being a contractual arrangement and the suit here being based on liability in tort, in an action started by victims not party to the agreement, the court at Amsterdam suffices with the remark that current case is evidently not covered by the clause.

This leaves aside the discussion on the merits with respect to that choice of court. The 2007 protocol was signed by Ivory Coast ‘for and on behalf of all victims of the toxic wastes’. Whether the State can legitimately bind all those victims, particularly since presumably not all of them are Ivory Coast nationals, requires a lex causae to settle. Were this to follow the Brussels I Recast rule (the case looks to have been introduced after January 2015), this would imply a discussion on the inclusion of choice of court ex-EU. Over and above that discussion, the Court at Amsterdam would then have to discuss whether perhaps ordre public protests against allowing a State to represent all victims in cases such as these.

Having dismissed (again, all too briefly) choice of court, the court subsequently upholds jurisdiction on the basis of Article 4 Brussels I Recast: the Dutch domicile of Trafigura Beheer BV.

In the remainder of the assessment of jurisdiction and standing, the Court applies Dutch law (de Stichting has been set up under Dutch law) and finds ultimately that the personal, business interests of its creator are not sufficiently split from the interests of the victims which the foundation purports to represent. The court adds that the Stichting would not seem properly to manage its documentation etc., leaving doubt as to whether it is properly equipped to attain its objective.

The suit is therefore dismissed on standing.

An interesting judgment to kick-start all sorts of issues of relevance to corporate social responsibility.

Geert.

(Handbook of) European Private International Law, 2nd ed. 2016, Chapter 2, Heading 2.2.9.2, Chapter 8, Heading 8.3.

 

 

 

On 16 December 2016, the University of Verona will host a seminar held by Robert Bray – Head of Unit at the Secretariat of the European Parliament’s Committee on Legal Affairs – on The immunities of the Members of the European Parliament. Ruggiero Cafari Panico (Univ. Milan) will intervene as discussant. The flyer of the event is available here.

Il 16 dicembre 2016 l’Università degli Studi di Verona ospita un seminario di Robert Bray – capo unità del Segretariato della Commissione per gli Affari giuridici del Parlamento europeo – dedicato a Le immunità dei membri del Parlamento europeo. Interverrà come discussant Ruggiero Cafari Panico (Univ. Milano). Per maggiori informazioni si veda qui.

In Philipp Plein, the court at Rotterdam held against the applicability of contractual choice of court to cases involving (alleged) unfair trading practices /infringement of competition law. (The judgment is not entirely clear on how the alleged tort needs to be qualified). I should also rephrase: I am assuming the case involves clothing chain Philipp Plein (‘PP’): this party’s name (albeit with presumably a typoo reported as ‘Philipp Klein’) is mentioned once in the judgment, probably because redacting missed this one particular reference. I find this process of anonimisation rather tiring: I fail to understand why in issues of commercial law, companies should at all be offered anonymity in public recording of the case. But I digress.

PP is domiciled at Lugano. The court is not entirely clear in its distinction between the Brussels I Recast Regulation and the Lugano Convention 2007. Domicile of the defendant in Switzerland was already immaterial under the Brussels I Regulation, given that one of the parties is domiciled in The Netherlands. The court applies Brussels I Recast and Lugano 2007 more or less jointly, given their similar outcome for the case at issue. Given this parallel application it is quite remarkable that no reference is made to CDC, which emphasised that extension of choice of court to non-contractual liability cannot be assumed. Instead the court here reviews how other parts of PP’s standard terms and conditions are formulated and what impact this has on the clause at issue.

It decides the choice of court clause (which read ‘“If both parties are businessmen, then the place of jurisdiction […] is Nuremberg, Germany”.’) does not extend to non-contractual liability. Parties seemingly agreed that in the event of non-applicability of choice of court, the Court at Rotterdam can hear the case on the basis of Article 5(3) Lugano 2007 (similar to now Article 7(2) Brussels I Recast).

I agree with Bas Braeken and Marianne Meijssen: A good result but an awkward way to go about it.

Geert.

(Handbook of) European Prviate International Law, 2nd ed. 2016, Chapter 2, Heading 2.2.9, Heading 2.2.9.7.

 

Chiara Ghionni, Adozione internazionale e diritto alla famiglia, Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 2016, pp. 192, ISBN 9788849532098, EUR 23.

Nel volume si esamina il tema dell’adozione nella sua evoluzione normativa e applicativa, dal contesto internazionale ed europeo a quello interno, assumendo come filo conduttore la ricerca dei diritti del minore e la loro effettività. Il declino della c.d. famiglia tradizionale e la parallela emersione di nuovi, e diversi, modelli genitoriali obbligano ad un’attenta riflessione e ad una prudente valutazione delle situazioni inedite e complesse che la vita contemporanea propone, al fine di selezionare adeguatamente i valori guida cui affidare la soluzione delle questioni di disciplina. Un discorso sull’adozione internazionale, dunque, diventa un banco di prova per testare il grado di resistenza dei principi generali nell’attuale trasformazione che coinvolge i diritti della persona, i diritti fondamentali e gli istituti posti a fondamento della società, quali sono la famiglia e i rapporti di filiazione.

A public meeting was held on 15 November 2016, in Washington, under the auspices of the US Department of State, to obtain the views of interested stakeholders on the current draft provisions of the Convention on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, presently under discussion within the Hague Conference on Private International Law (regarding the Judgments Project, see further here; as concerns the draft text of the Convention, see here). A text resuming the outcome of the Washington meeting is available here.

Il 15 novembre 2016 si è svolto a Washington, con il patrocinio del Dipartimento di Stato americano, un incontro pubblico volto a conoscere le opinioni degli interessati circa il progetto di una Convenzione a vocazione universale sul riconoscimento e l’esecuzione delle decisioni straniere, attualmente in discussione in seno alla Conferenza dell’Aja di diritto internazionale privato (sul Judgments Project della Conferenza, si veda qui; quanto alla bozza della Convenzione, si veda qui). Un resoconto dell’incontro di Washington è disponibili a questo indirizzo.

Engagement solennel devant la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne de deux nouveaux Membres de la Cour des comptes européenne

Rotenberg / Conseil
Relations extérieures
Le Tribunal de l’UE confirme le gel de fonds prononcé à l’encontre de M. Arkady Rotenberg pour la période 2015-2016

Commission / France et Orange
Aide d'État
La Cour rejette le pourvoi de la Commission dans l’affaire de l’avance d’actionnaire proposée à France Télécom par les autorités françaises alors que l’opérateur connaissait une crise importante

According to a press release of 28 November 2016, the UK government is proceeding with preparations to ratify the Unified Patent Court Agreement.

Secondo un comunicato stampa del 28 novembre 2016, il Governo britannico sta procedendo alla preparazione della ratifica dell’Accordo relativo a un Tribunale Unificato dei Brevetti.

For those with an interest in UK constitutional law and its impact on the EU, these evidently are interesting days. I just wanted briefly to flag that the Scottish Government’s submission to the Supreme Court’s Article 50 case contains a short section on the EU’s civil justice agenda. At 48, the submission points out the impact withdrawal will have on the civil justice relations between Scotland, the remainder of the UK, and the EU.

There are plenty of papers out there on the impact of Brexit on conflict of laws. Without the correct arrangements, the UK is bound to lose a lot of its attraction in international dispute settlement. With the falling pound, Christmas shopping in London is particularly attractive to those outside the UK. Forum shopping a lot less so.

Geert.

The second issue of the Revista  Chilena de Derecho Internacional Privado – the journal of the Asociación Chilena de Derecho Internacional Privado (ADIPRI – see this post) – has been published and can be freely downloaded here.

È uscito il secondo fascicolo della Revista Chilena de Derecho Internacional Privado, la rivista della Asociación Chilena de Derecho Internacional Privado (ADIPRI – per cui si veda questo post). Può essere consultato gratuitamente a questo indirizzo.

Si terrà a Lucca, il 16 e 17 dicembre 2016, il terzo incontro organizzato nell’ambito del progetto European Civil Procedure for Lawyers: Promoting Training to Improve the Effectiveness of Transnational Justice (segnalato in questo post).

L’incontro avrà ad oggetto il regolamento (UE) n. 655/2014 istitutivo dell’ordinanza europea di sequestro conservativo su conti bancari (OESC).

Si tratta, come i precedenti, di un tirocinio formativo a partecipazione attiva con presentazione, discussione e risoluzione di casi concreti. La prima giornata sarà dedicata ai provvedimenti cautelari italiani e l’OESC, nonché alla richiesta di informazioni del creditore sui conti correnti bancari del debitore, mentre il secondo giorno si parlerà di esecuzione e dei rimedi possibili avverso l’OESC. Verrà analizzato anche il regolamento di esecuzione 2016/1823 del 19 ottobre 2016, con il quale la Commissione europea ha recentemente adottato i relativi moduli standard (si veda questo post).

Interverranno Elena D’Alessandro (Univ. Torino), Silvana Dalla Bontà (Univ. Trento), Antonio Mondini (Trib. Lucca) e Giampaolo Benedetti Pearson (Foro di Lucca).

La partecipazione al seminario è gratuita. Le iscrizioni sono già aperte e devono essere richieste tramite e-mail all’indirizzo info@europeancivilprocedureforlawyers.eu non oltre il 7 dicembre 2016.

Ulteriori informazioni sono disponibili qui.

The Rotterdam court in Hanjin Europe held on the opening of secondary proceedings in The Netherlands, in application of the European Insolvency Regulation (EIR), with main proceedings and COMI in Germany. On the application of the insolvency Regulation there are few that match prof Wessels’ insights and I am happy to refer to them. Indeed it is Bob who alerted me to the case. Prof Wessels in particular points us to the following considerations:

• the relationship between Annex A, Annex C and the abstract definition of ‘insolvency’ in the EIR. Useful precedent is Eurofood.
• the power of a provisionary liquidator to request the opening of secondary proceedings.
• the exact meaning of ‘establishment’, inter alia following judgment in Interedil.
• whether applicant has to show an interest in requesting secondary proceedings.

Geert.

(Handbook of) European private international law, 2nd ed. 2016, Chapter 5.

Thomas Kadner Graziano, Cross-border traffic accidents in the EU – The potential impact of driverless cars, Brussels, 2016

Commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the JURI committee, this study provides an analysis of the potential legal impact of the introduction of connected and autonomous vehicles on rules of private international law determining jurisdiction and applicable law in the EU Member States in the event of a cross-border traffic accident. Following a case-studies approach, it makes a number of recommendations to improve the legal framework. In line with recent EU law trends towards enhanced protection for the victims and given that products liability is likely to gain more importance in the area, the study suggests the introduction of a duty for car manufacturers to contract liability insurance covering traffic accidents victims; the possibility of a direct action against a manufacturer’s liability insurer and the establishment of a forum at the domicile of the victim for claims against manufacturers of cars using new technologies. In order to increase legal certainty, the study recommends to redefine the respective scopes of application of the two systems of private international law currently coexisting in the EU to determine the law applicable (the Rome II Regulation and the 1971 and 1973 Hague Conventions), and to apply Rome II in cases in which both the claimant and the defendant are domiciled in EU Member States. Finally, autonomous technologies may increase the difficulty to initiate extra-contractual liability claims therefore the study proposes that limitation periods be extended at the substantive law level or that a cumulative connecting mechanism be introduced at private international level for the benefit of the victims.

Le mandat de Greffier du Tribunal de M. Emmanuel Coulon est renouvelé

The External Dimension of EU Private International Law after Opinion 1/13, edited by / a cura di Pietro Franzina, Intersentia, 2017, ISBN 9781780684376, pp. xii+226, EUR 59.

The interest of the EU in international efforts towards the harmonisation of private international law has steadily increased over the years. The EU is already a party to several conventions that lay down uniform rules on jurisdiction, conflicts of laws and the recognition and enforcement of judgments. Additionally, various international instruments dealing with judicial cooperation in civil matters have been ratified by the Member States ‘in the interest of the Union’, or are now administered by the EU. On different occasions the Court of Justice has expressed its views regarding the scope of the external competence of the Union in the field of private international law, the conditions upon which this competence should be regarded as exclusive and the principles according to which the competence itself should be exercised. In spite of this, the development of the external dimension of EU private international law remains a controversial topic, and different questions still await answers. The essays collected in this volume critically address some of the main issues concerning the relations of the EU with non-EU countries and international organisations in the area of private international law, as well as the impact of these relations on EU legislation dealing with matters featuring cross-border implications. [T]he book discusses, in particular, the principles stated in the latest intervention of the Court of Justice on this topic, Opinion 1/13, regarding the Union’s competence as to the acceptance of the accession of third States to the Hague Convention of 1980 on international child abduction, as well as the implications of the Opinion for the development of the EU’s external action and legislation in this area.

With contributions by / Con scritti di: Paul Beaumont, Marise Cremona, Serena Forlati, Pietro Franzina, Giorgio Gaja, Jan-Jaap Kuipers, Fabrizio Marongiu Buonaiuti, Alex Mills, Chris Thomale, Chiara E. Tuo, Karen Vandekerckhove and Alessandra Zanobetti.

The table of contents may be downloaded here / Il sommario può essere scaricato qui.

Lorsqu’une personne demande l’accès à des documents en matière environnementale, la notion d’« informations relatives à des émissions dans l’environnement » couvre notamment celles concernant la nature et les incidences des rejets d’un pesticide dans l’air, l’eau, le sol ou sur les plantes

Apologies for the truly misleading title. Trumpism and Brexitism is getting to me. Yes, it sounds awkward to hold that a tube which is at the very inside of  product can be categorised as ‘packaging’. Yet it fits completely within the fabric of the EU’s Packaging and packaging and packaging waste Directive 94/62 (as amended).

The CJEU held 2 weeks ago in Joined Cases C‑313/15 and C‑530/15 Eco-Emballages et al., on the issue whether Rolls, tubes and cylinders around which flexible material is wound (‘Roll cores’) are ‘packaging’ within the meaning of the Directive, hence subject to recycling etc. targets and also to fees under collective schemes. The Directive defines packaging as

all products made of any materials of any nature to be used for the containment, protection, handling, delivery and presentation of goods, from raw materials to processed goods, from the producer to the user or the consumer. ‘Non-returnable’ items used for the same purposes shall also be considered to constitute packaging.

‘Packaging’ consists only of:

(a) sales packaging or primary packaging, i.e. packaging conceived so as to constitute a sales unit to the final user or consumer at the point of purchase;

(b) grouped packaging or secondary packaging, i.e. packaging conceived so as to constitute at the point of purchase a grouping of a certain number of sales units whether the latter is sold as such to the final user or consumer or whether it serves only as a means to replenish the shelves at the point of sale; it can be removed from the product without affecting its characteristics;

(c) transport packaging or tertiary packaging, i.e. packaging conceived so as to facilitate handling and transport of a number of sales units or grouped packagings in order to prevent physical handling and transport damage. Transport packaging does not include road, rail, ship and air containers….

This definitional article then continues with references to an illustrative Annex and an update of this Annex by way of comitology. Any such measures are adopted in accordance with the regulatory procedure with scrutiny, resulting in a new, 2013 Annex 1 to the Directive adopted by the Commission in February 2013, which specifically refers to rolls. At issue in the case was therefore whether the EC had acted ultra vires in that annex (which it had adopted ‘alone’ since the committee established by Article 21 of Directive 94/62 did not deliver an opinion and the Council did not take any decision on the Commission’s proposal).

The Court confirms that roll cores meet entirely with the core definition of the Directive: they protect from the inside the flexible products wound around them, which strengthens those products, allowing their presentation and facilitating their transport and use. A roll core is, moreover, a ‘non-returnable’ item, within the meaning of the second sentence of the first subparagraph of Article 3(1), once the flexible product wound around it has been used up.

A storm in a tea-cup therefore and rolls confirmed as packaging.

Geert.

(Handbook of EU Waste law, second ed. OUP 2015, Chapter 4).

Uglješa Grušić, Long-Term Business Relationships and Implicit Contracts in European Private Law, (2016) European Review of Contract Law (forthcoming / di prossima pubblicazione), available through / disponibile su SSRN.

In Granarolo SpA v Ambrosi Emmi France SA, the European Court of Justice held that a dispute between a distributor and its supplier concerning an action for damages for the abrupt termination of a long-term business relationship, which was not expressed in a framework, umbrella contract, was a matter relating to a contract for the purposes of European private international law. This note explores the wider significance of Granarolo for the meaning of ‘contract’ in European contract law.